Moreover, due to the design of the instrument it is possible to spin the samples by using sample spinners. This ensures a very homogeneous temperature distribution around the sample. In contrast to direct heaters, environmental heaters are heating the sample from all sides. The second important type of heater is the so-called environmental heater (Figure 4, C). In contrast to that, very high temperatures (up to 2300☌) can be achieved with strip heaters. The advantage of the former is that a cryostat, that also allows cooling of the sample, can be introduced. Direct heaters are non-ambient XRD attachments that either have a sample holder that is placed on a resistance heater (Figure 4, A) or are so-called strip heaters, where the sample is directly placed on a resistively heated heating strip (Figure 4, B). In principal there are two types of heaters: direct heaters and environmental heaters. The investigation of these processes is not only interesting for the scientific community, but also for many technological processes used in industry.Īpplication examples will be given at the end of this article. Some of them are listed below:Īpplication fields: alloys, building materials, drug APIs, catalysts, minerals,…Īpplication fields: alloy, ceramics, polymers,…Īpplication fields: catalysts, zeolites,…Īpplication fields: building materials, pharmaceuticals, food industry,…Īpplication fields: catalysts, refractory materials, alloys,… These parameters result in a variety of material changes that can be investigated in-situ. The most important parameters are listed below: In non-ambient X-ray diffraction the sample is influenced by external parameters during the experiments. So far it has been explained what kind of information can be gained from X-ray diffraction experiments under ambient conditions. But these will not be further discussed here. More sophisticated methods of X-ray diffraction can be used to extract much more information from the samples. Also this effect can be quantified by XRD measurements. Microstrain in the sample also results in peak broadening. This can be used to extract information about the size of the crystallites. Crystallites that are smaller than ~120 nm give broader peaks.
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